108 صفحه
BP Process Safety Series Hazards of Electricity and Static Electricity
A collection of booklets describing hazards and how to manage them, 2006
سرفصلها:
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Sparks, arcs and ignition energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3 Area classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4 Hazards of static electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1 General considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2 Specific rules and applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.3 The legend of mobile phones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5 Hazards of lightning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6 Hazards of stray currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7 Bonding and grounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.1 For dissipation of static charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.2 For protection of personnel and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
8 Hazards of electrical shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
8.1 Rules for prevention of electrical shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
8.2 Arc flash and blast hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
8.3 Rules for minimizing injury from electrical shock . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
9 Explosion and fire hazards of electrical equipment . . . . . . 54
9.1 Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
9.2 Electrical fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
9.3 Fire protection of electrical/instrumentation/computer rooms . . . 63
10 Dangers of improper operation of electrical equipment . . . 64
11 Safeguards for electrical equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
11.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
11.2 Contact with overhead cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
11.3 Excavation work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
11.4 Training and safe working practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
11.5 Identification of disconnecting means and circuits . . . . . . . . . . . 78
11.6 Re-energizing equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
11.7 Working with energized equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
12 Power outages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
12.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
12.2 The regulator point of view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
12.3 Triggering events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
12.4 What can be done to keep plants safe in case of a
power outage? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
13 Some points to remember . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Appendix 1. Diesel driven emergency equipment . . . . . . . . 92
Appendix 2. Short bibliography for regulations
and norms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Appendix 3. Ignition temperatures for common dusts
and gases/vapours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Test yourself! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
BP Process Safety Series Hazards of Electricity and Static Electricity A collection of booklets describing hazards and how to manage them, 2006